In the present study, we investigated the extent to which continuous versus intermittent exposures modulated TCE-induced male reproductive toxicity. Epidemiological studies of exposed workers correlated TCE exposure with poor pregnancy outcomes ( Lindholm et al., 1991 Sallmen et al., 1998). Testicular, epididymis, and sperm toxicities have been found in rat models of exposure to TCE ( Kumar et al., 2001 DeTeaux et al., 2003, 2004). Previous animal models have failed to consider the temporal variability in TCE exposure. inhalational TCE exposures ( Evans et al., 2009), and is well suited to predict differential toxicokinetics of TCE and its metabolites depending on temporal variation in external exposure.
PBPK modeling has discerned the different toxicokinetics of oral vs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for TCE is highly refined due to the large amount of data available for rat, mouse and human ( Chiu et al., 2009). Transient environmental exposures may result in higher peak or total blood concentrations, depending on the pharmacokinetics of TCE or its metabolites. Real-time TCE monitoring shows 1000-fold fluctuations in exposure to TCE in indoor air ( Holton et al., 2013). Air concentration correlated with blood levels in residents of impacted buildings ( Archer et al., 2015). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common volatile environmental contaminant that the population can be exposed to via vapor intrusion.
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